SCIENCE AND SCIENCE EDUCATION

Posted on 15. Jul, 2010 by in Educational Resources, Glossary, Human Biology, Popular Science

WHAT IS SCIENCE

Science presumes, through careful, systematic study, that things and events in the universe occur in consistent, comprehensible patterns. Scientists believe that through the use of the intellect, and with the aid of instruments that extend the sens es, people can discover patterns in all of nature. (more…)

Genetics topics in a Brief

Posted on 03. Jul, 2010 by in Educational Resources, Genetics, Human Biology

Genetics topics in a Brief
The first panoramic views of the human genetic landscape have revealed a wealth of information and some early surprises. Much remains to be deciphered in this vast trove of information; as the consortium of HGP scientists concluded in their seminal paper, “. . .the more we learn about the human genome, the more there is to explore.” A few highlights from the first publications analyzing the sequence follow.

• The human genome contains 3 billion chemical nucleotide bases (A, C, T, and G).
• The average gene consists of 3000 bases, but sizes vary greatly, with the largest known human gene being dystrophin at 2.4 million bases.
• The functions are unknown for more than 50% of discovered genes.
• The human genome sequence is almost (99.9%) exactly the same in all people.
• About 2% of the genome encodes instructions for the synthesis of proteins.
• Repeat sequences that do not code for proteins make up at least 50% of the human genome.
• Repeat sequences are thought to have no direct functions, but they shed light on chromosome structure and dynamics. Over time, these repeats reshape the genome by rearranging it, thereby creating entirely new genes or modifying and reshuffling existing genes.
• The human genome has a much greater portion (50%) of repeat sequences than the mustard weed (11%), the worm (7%), and the fly (3%).
• Over 40% of the predicted human proteins share similarity with fruit-fly or worm proteins.
• Genes appear to be concentrated in random areas along the genome, with vast expanses of noncoding DNA between.
• Chromosome 1 (the largest human chromosome) has the most genes (2968), and the Y chromosome has the fewest (231).
• Genes have been pinpointed and particular sequences in those genes associated with numerous diseases and disorders including breast cancer, muscle disease, deafness, and blindness.
• Scientists have identified about 3 million locations where single-base DNA differences occur in humans. This information promises to revolutionize the processes of finding DNA sequences associated with such common diseases as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, arthritis, and cancers.

Initial stage (1990-2003) of Human Genome Project

Posted on 03. Jul, 2010 by admin in Educational Resources, Genetics, Health & Medicine, Human Biology

genome-initial studies

A Brief Overview

Though surprising to many, the Human Genome Project (HGP) traces its roots to an initiative in the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Since 1947, DOE and its predecessor agencies have been charged by Congress with developing new energy resources and technologies and pursuing a deeper understanding of potential health and environmental risks posed by their production and use. Such studies, for example, have provided the scientific basis for individual risk assessments of nuclear medicine technologies.

In 1986, DOE took a bold step in announcing the Human Genome Initiative, convinced that its missions would be well served by a reference human genome sequence. Shortly thereafter, DOE joined with the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to develop a plan for a joint HGP that officially began in 1990. During the early years of the HGP, the Wellcome Trust, a private charitable institution in the United Kingdom, joined the effort as a major partner. Important contributions also came from other collaborators around the world, including Japan, France, Germany, and China.

Ambitious Goals

The HGP’s ultimate goal was to generate a high-quality reference DNA sequence for the human genome‘s 3 billion base pairs and to identify all human genes. Other important goals included sequencing the genomes of model organisms to interpret human DNA, enhancing computational resources to support future research and commercial applications, exploring gene function through mouse-human comparisons, studying human variation, and training future scientists in genomics.

The powerful analytic technology and data arising from the HGP raise complex ethical and policy issues for individuals and society. These challenges include privacy, fairness in use and access of genomic information, reproductive and clinical issues, and commercialization (see p. 8). Programs that identify and address these implications have been an integral part of the HGP and have become a model for bioethics programs worldwide.

A Lasting Legacy

In June 2000, to much excitement and fanfare, scientists announced the completion of the first working draft of the entire human genome. First analysis of the details appeared in the February 2001 issues of the journals Nature and Science. The high-quality reference sequence was completed in April 2003, marking the end of the Human Genome Project—2 years ahead of the original schedule. Coincidentally, this was also the 50th anniversary of Watson and Crick’s publication of DNA structure that launched the era of molecular biology.

Available to researchers worldwide, the human genome reference sequence provides a magnificent and unprecedented biological resource that will serve throughout the century as a basis for research and discovery and, ultimately, myriad practical applications. The sequence already is having an impact on finding genes associated with human disease (see p. 3). Hundreds of other genome sequence projects—on microbes, plants, and animals—have been completed since the inception of the HGP, and these data now enable detailed comparisons among organisms, including humans.

Many more sequencing projects are under way or planned because of the research value of DNA sequence, the tremendous sequencing capacity now available, and continued improvements in technologies. Sequencing projects on the genomes of many microbes, as well as the honeybee, cow, and chicken are in progress.

Beyond sequencing, growing areas of research focus on identifying important elements in the DNA sequence responsible for regulating cellular functions and providing the basis of human variation. Perhaps the most daunting challenge is to begin to understand how all the “parts” of cells—genes, proteins, and many other molecules—work together to create complex living organisms. Future analyses on this treasury of data will provide a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of the molecular processes underlying life and will have an enduring and profound impact on how we view our own place in it.

Inroduction To Genomics

Posted on 03. Jul, 2010 by in Educational Resources, Genetics, Health & Medicine, Human Biology

Cells are the fundamental working units of every living system. All the instructions needed to direct their activities are contained within the chemical DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).

DNA from all organisms is made up of the same chemical and physical components. The DNA sequence is the particular side-by-side arrangement of bases along the DNA strand (e.g., ATTCCGGA). This order spells out the exact instructions required to create a particular organism with its own unique traits.

The genome is an organism’s complete set of DNA. Genomes vary widely in size: the smallest known genome for a free-living organism (a bacterium) contains about 600,000 DNA base pairs, while human and mouse genomes have some 3 billion .Except for mature red blood cells, all human cells contain a complete genome.

DNA in the human genome is arranged into 24 distinct chromosomes–physically separate molecules that range in length from about 50 million to 250 million base pairs. A few types of major chromosomal abnormalities, including missing or extra copies or gross breaks and rejoinings (translocations), can be detected by microscopic examination. Most changes in DNA, however, are more subtle and require a closer analysis of the DNA molecule to find perhaps single-base differences.

Each chromosome contains many genes, the basic physical and functional units of heredity. Genes are specific sequences of bases that encode instructions on how to make proteins. Genes comprise only about 2% of the human genome; the remainder consists of non-coding regions, whose functions may include providing chromosomal structural integrity and regulating where, when, and in what quantity proteins are made. The human genome is estimated to contain 20,000-25,000 genes.

Although genes get a lot of attention, it’s the proteins that perform most life functions and even make up the majority of cellular structures. Proteins are large, complex molecules made up of smaller subunits called amino acids. Chemical properties that distinguish the 20 different amino acids cause the protein chains to fold up into specific three-dimensional structures that define their particular functions in the cell.

The constellation of all proteins in a cell is called its proteome. Unlike the relatively unchanging genome, the dynamic proteome changes from minute to minute in response to tens of thousands of intra- and extracellular environmental signals. A protein’s chemistry and behavior are specified by the gene sequence and by the number and identities of other proteins made in the same cell at the same time and with which it associates and reacts. Studies to explore protein structure and activities, known as proteomics, will be the focus of much research for decades to come and will help elucidate the molecular basis of health and disease.

Science Experment : Heat vs Color

Posted on 26. Jun, 2010 by in Experiments & Research, Human Biology, Physics

Hypothesis / Questions: Black objects absorb more ( and  radiate less) -heat than a white objects.

Here is an example:

“A black car will heat up faster in the sun than a white car will. It will also lose its heat faster in the winter.”

Read on if you’d like some details on why this is so.

For this discussion, we don’t really care about the subatomic causes of heat or why black bodies are the best absorbers and emitters of Electro-Magnetic Radiation (EMR). We only care about three things:

1. Which parts of each car are sunlit.The majority of the direct sunlight will build up on the exposed surfaces of each car– the roof, the hood, the trunk. As a rough estimate, let’s say that 20% of the light hits the interior directly. So 80% of the light is hitting the painted outer surfaces of each car.

   Now, about half of the EMR given off by the Sun is in the Infrared (IR) range. This is light with a wavelength longer than red light and which can’t be seen by humans, but which still causes heating effects. Sunlight also includes a small portion of invisible Ultraviolet (UV) light, which has wavelengths shorter than visible light. Keep this in mind as we move on to…

2. What materials are in the sunlit portions of each car, and which of those materials are better at absorbing and emitting heat.Basically, there are only two types of material here: metals and non-metals. In any case, we’ve decided that most of the sunlight is falling on the body of the car, which is metal and paint.

   We know that sunlight includes IR and UV as well as visible light. Certain types of paint may reflect more or less IR and UV light than others. You may have heard of Light Reflectance Value (LRV), which is used to measure how much visible light a certain color reflects, but there’s also a Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) which measures how much solar heat (i.e., infrared light) a given material reflects.

   For this discussion, we’re only concerned with visible color, so we’ll assume that all materials in the two cars reflect UV and IR equally well. Note that this may not be the case in real life.

   So what’s reflecting the visible portion of sunlight? Metals are much better conductors, but being naturally shiny, they don’t absorb a lot of light. But– and this is important– it’s the paint on the car which is absorbing the heat, and the metal underneath which is conducting and emitting heat through the entire car. The sheen (shininess) of the paint will affect its LRV, but we’ll ignore that for the time being. Only the color matters.

3. Which of those materials has the most impact on the temperature inside the car.No contest. A car is mostly metal, and that metal surrounds all the interior areas. If the metal gets hot, the car gets hot.

If we look up the LRVs for the colors white and black, we find that white reflects 80% of visible sunlight, and black reflects only 5%. So we can conclude that, regardless of the color of the interior, the car with the darker paint job will have the higher temperature.

Of course, leaving any car out in the sun for many hours will make driving it later an unpleasant experience. My advice? Install air conditioning.

Necessity Of Understanding Human Genome

Posted on 20. Jun, 2010 by admin in Experiments & Research, Health & Medicine, Human Biology

Not long from now, doctors may be able to predict with pinpoint accuracy what risk you’re at for disease, repair most of the disease’s damage at the molecular level and treat the rest of the damage with side-effect-free drugs designed just for your body. A few years ago, scientists would have been laughed out of the room for making such claims. But the recent completion of the mapping of the human genome has brought such medical benefits closer to reality.

“It’s hard to exaggerate the importance of this announcement,” says Dr. Michael Hayden, Director and Senior Scientist at the Centre for Molecular Medicine and a professor of medical genetics at the University of British Columbia. “This is going to be the heralding of medicine that is predictive and will allow us to understand more about the environment we live in.”

Though the direct benefits from this knowledge will be noticed further down the road, it’s tantalizing now to think about what it could make possible.

So what does this mean for the average person? “The immediate benefit is having a complete map of all the genes in a human being,” says Dr. Michael Smith, Nobel Laureate and Director of the BC Cancer Agency’s Genome Sequence Centre in Vancouver. “Until you knew all the bones in your skeleton, you’d never hope to understand how a human being fits together. So until you understand all the genes, you don’t have a listing of all the information that can be used to make a brain or a kidney or a liver. The big excitement now is really about the prospects for advancements that this new information will make possible.”

Essentially, the possible benefits from the announced information break down into four areas: the ability to perform genetic diagnostic tests, personalized drug manufacturing, gene therapy and highly controversial genetic engineering.

Diagnostic tests or genetic screening may be one of the first practical uses for this new information. A single drop of blood would be all that is necessary to screen for elements that may make a person susceptible to heart disease or certain kinds of cancer – widely believed to be influenced by genetic factors. With the more detailed tests the new genome information may soon make possible, high-risk patients could be identified earlier in time to make lifestyle changes that could prevent future illness.

Another exciting prospect is the introduction of tailor-made drugs that would be more effective for more patients and contain fewer side effects for each individual. More than two million people in the U.S. are hospitalized each year due to reactions to medication – more than 100,000 of those die. The new genome data could help identify groups of people more prone to reaction. Perhaps most important, the human genome data has the ability to help identify new targets on which drugs can act on disease for individuals. Even if a drug is just ineffective for a certain group, the cost savings benefit alone would be impressive.

Using genes themselves as medicine is the most direct way the new information may benefit you. Though it carries significant risks to patients, gene therapy could still be invaluable for fighting single-gene disorders, such as cystic fibrosis. In that case, the new information could be used to identify the abnormal cystic fibrosis gene and replace it with the healthy one that should be there.

Finally, the new genome information could make various forms of genetic engineering faster and easier. It could even make controversial techniques like germ-line engineering – the editing of DNA inheritance passed down from one generation to the next – more of a possibility. Such a technique would involve identifying an abnormal gene and then correcting that gene in eggs and sperm. Though this is by far the most debated of the uses for the human genome map, it would mean that no further generations would be affected by any genetic defects from their ancestors.

Despite the universe of ethical questions that some uses for the new genome information will undoubtedly raise, there is little doubt that the findings of human genome research efforts will soon begin to change our lives.

“We’re going to be able to look at biology on a much more molecular level,” says Smith. “We’ll be able to recognize much earlier when things aren’t working properly. It’s hard to say it’s going to cure cancer next year. That wouldn’t be true. But I think it will certainly accelerate progress that’s already taking place.”

Midnight Zoo: Night Safari At Singapore

Posted on 20. Jun, 2010 by admin in National Standard Scientific Equipment, Zoology

It can be an annoying experience going to a zoo and waiting for minutes on end to see an animal that you’re told is just hiding. But maybe it’s hiding for a reason. It hasn’t got anything to do with shyness either. It’s a simple fact that a lot of animals are nocturnal, and by their very nature, they just don’t like to be out and about during the daytime. When most other animals are asleep under the cover of darkness, these other animals come alive, and unfortunately seeing what they get up to is a bit of a mystery. That is, until now.

Night Safari at the Singapore Zoo proudly calls itself “the first wildlife park built to be viewed at night.” Officially opened in 1994, the exhibit took four years to plan and three years to construct – which is not surprising given that it’s set in 40 hectares of fairly dense secondary forest. By using subtle lighting, visitors can view about 100 species that like to go about their business at night. In fact, there are over 1,000 nocturnal animals that call the Night Safari home, so it’s not exactly a small experiment.

The birth of the Night Safari is a result of a combination of factors. The overwhelming response to night tours conducted at the Zoo in the late 1980s indicated a demand for wholesome night entertainment. Displaying tropical animals at night seemed ideal since 90% of them are nocturnal and therefore most active after dusk. Singapore’s predictable sunset at around 7.30pm and cool nights with little rainfall mean fewer operational problems for an outdoor night attraction.

Like the adjacent daytime zoo, the larger Night Safari grounds employs an ‘open concept’ design, where by the use of moats (both wet and dry) and effective camouflage, animals can be seen in their respective areas appearing as if they are roaming freely in the wilderness – everything from such rarely seen creatures as the slow loris or the fishing cats.

The Night Safari itself is divided into eight geographical zones representing the wildlife of Asia, Africa and South America. What’s more, there are three walking trails that make it feel like you’re exploring the dense jungle on foot, even though you’re just a visitor to a very special zoo. After all, it really does feel like a legitimate jungle. That might have something to do with the over 20,000 plants and 900 forest trees that makes up the background for these jungle animals.

What makes the zoo work so well, as a night time only experience, is the careful placement of lighting. The lighting is sufficient to clearly see the animals moving about (after you eyes have acclimatized to the dimness), but not bright enough that they won’t venture from A to B. According to the zoo, the effect is slightly stronger than natural moonlight.

If you’re lucky enough to be heading to Singapore any time soon, be sure to check it out. And rule out the morning or afternoon options. The doors are only open to the public from 7:30pm to midnight.

The behaviour of tea leaves when making tea

Posted on 06. Jun, 2010 by admin in Educational Resources, Experiments & Research, Popular Science

The principal question
We make tea everyday, but we are not always attentive to the tea leaves in hot water. It is interesting – why do tea leaves now came the surface and now sink to the bottom in boiling water?

My main concern is to explain why some tea leaves sink and some tea leaves come to the surface in boiling water.

Preliminary facts
I can say that the cause of this phenomenon is Brownian movement and convection. We discuss Brownian movement later. But, first of all, it is necessary to define what convection is.

Convection is one of types of heat-exchange: transmission of energy in liquids and gases by means of currents. Natural (free) convection takes place in gravitation field by irregular heating (from below) liquids and gases. The heated substance moves relatively to the less heated substance in opposite direction to the direction of gravity as resultant force of gravity and Archimedes directs upwards and equals by module F=pgV, where p = density difference between heated substance and environment – the less heated substance; V = volume of heated substance; g = acceleration of free fall.

By convection the substance temperature becomes even. The convection speed depends, in particular, on temperature difference between layers and heat-conduction of substance. By forced convection transference of substance layers takes place with the help of a pump, a mixer or some other similar device.

Equipment

• A transparent vessel with boiling water
• Tea leaves

Procedure

1. To take an empty cup (in this case it is better to use a transparent vessel).
2. To put in the cup some tea leaves of different sizes.
3. To pour boiling water into the cup.
4. To observe movement of tea Leaves during 2-3 minutes.

Results

The aim No 1 Solution
The first idea that has come to my head was the idea about interaction of water particles, i.e. water molecules had effects on tea Leaves. In boiling water molecules move rather quickly by complex trajectories. Some molecules hit the tea leaves, so some tea leaves now come to surface now sink.

The aim No 2 Solution
The No 2 Solution consists in convection. How does it take place? We have boiling water. The upper water layer becomes cold more quickly than the lower one, i.e. the Lower water layer is more light than the upper one. By this process the lower water layer is forced out to the place of the upper layer. The shift of water mass took place. Then this process takes place one more time. So, tea leaves come to surface and sink.

The aim No 3 Solution
In boiling water some tea leaves, at first, sink, then give brown color to water at the bottom, then some tea leaves come to surface. This process is the very question. Why does it take place? To solve this question I think it is necessary to follow the very process, step by step. Some Leaves sink but not at once. This takes place because water stretch has effect on tea leaves. The first to sink are the leaves which have the less area, volume (in cold water or in indoor temperature water the Leaves don’t sink because the upper water layer prevents this process. This layer is like a film). Then at the bottom of the vessel, under the hits of water particles the brown color emits out of tea Leaves and spreads in all water. It is clear that tea Leaves which are at the bottom of the vessel have small density. The water loses its warmth because of vapor and because tea Leaves become warmer (the density becomes more less). Besides the warmth comes into air. The water, gradually, cools, so the density rises. The leaves, that are at the bottom, come to surface because their density became less. But only those tea leaves will come to surface which have the less area, volume. After all only some leaves come to surface because small leaves are covered by bigger ones. The larger leaves need more warmth and energy out of water which it loses. It appears, that the leaves which have the smallest volume sink and come to surface.

Conclusion

This experiment has some nuances, i.e. the solutions have their shortcomings and minuses :

Solution No 1 minuses

This solution has one nuance: when water molecules move with high velocity, there is a great number of water molecules, they move from different directions. So, tea leaves don’t come to surface or sink but dance under condition that water particles have effect on the leaves. Let’s remember English botanist R. Brown. Through an ordinary microscope he looked at flower pollen which was spread on water. Pollen particles as if were dancing in the water, because water particles had effect on them. Therefore, solution No 1 is unsteady.

Solution No 2 minuses

By No 2 solution it is evident that water masses shift each other when more around. It appears that leaves move like water, i.e. tea leaves more under the stress of water masses, all leaves together, not separately. Our tea leaves must not come to surface and sink together.

Solution No 3 has 2 hypothesis

1. Tea leaves lose heavy color and come to surface, after that they get wet much more and sink.
2. Water quickly increases its density after cooling of Leaves and water. The conditions of floating are changed – leaves can come to surface. The heat-transference from water to leaves is possible.

So, I have 4 solutions for this problem

1. Brownian movement.
2. Heat-currents of water, Leaves take place in them.
3. Leaves lose heavy color.
4. The water density increases.

With the help of this experiment we can study such divisions of physics as convection, heat-transference and particle movement in physical bodies, and, also, diffusion (Here diffusion takes place in wetting tea leaves).

Let’s check the solutions

• We can check participation of tea leaves in water heat-current – to add in water some dye-liquid (ink) and to decide if the tea leaves movement is similar to dye-stuffs movement.
• We can make tea leaves devoid of color already.
• We can make tea leaves in cold water.

Improvement

Science is such a thing in our life that it has no borders and has thousands answers on each particular question. It is clear that there are many hypothesizes concerning this experiment. I’d like to know and study them. For example: I could not explain how vapor has effect on tea leaves. I am interested in many other questions.

The Science of Water

Posted on 06. Jun, 2010 by admin in Educational Resources, Human Biology

Introduction

My investigative question was: Does the temperature of water affect the time it takes for the water to freeze?

Hypothesis

Materials

1. Water
2. 3 containers (similar)
3. Candy Thermometer (to measure temperature of water)
4. Watch (to measure time it takes for water to freeze)
5. Tablespoon (to measure the amount of water to put in the container)
6. Microwave (to heat water)
7. Freezer (to freeze water)

Research/Sources of Information

Before I start the experiment I need to find out:

• the temperature at which water freezes and boils
• the temperature of the freezer
• the room temperature
• the procedures and materials.

I also did the following experiment as background research.

1. I decided to use a clock timer to measure the time it takes for the water to freeze and a paper knife to feel if the water in the bottles has frozen and become solid ice.
2. I took four white glasses that were all the same kind.
3. I poured one cup of tap water into one glass and let it sit there so it could become room temperature water.
4. I used a different glass to make boiling water. I used one cup of water and I put it in the microwave to boil.
5. I had kept the water in the microwave for three minutes. When I had taken it out the water was boiling. Before I had put the water I had made a prediction that the water would turn into steam. When I took the water out it hadn’t turned into steam that showed that my prediction was wrong.
6. I was going to use a thermometer but then I realized that the thermometer was only for humans. The thermometer would only go high as 106 F and boiling water is 212 F.
7. Also, I realized that the timer I had picked won’t work because it goes down and I need one that goes up.
8. So I only put in two glasses of water in the refrigerator and I didn’t time them. This helped me identify the correct procedures and instruments to use in my experiment.

I used the book Science with water to help me identify the different temperatures at which water boils and freezes.

Vocabulary

The temperature of the water in four bottles at the start of the experiment is the manipulated variable. The time it takes for the water in the four bottles to freeze is the responding variable. The conditions of the experiment are the controlled variables. In my experiment, the controlled variables are:

1. the amount of water in the four bottles
2. the kind of bottles that are used
3. the temperature of the freezer.

Experiment

1. I took 3 bottles of the same kind and size.
2. I labeled the three bottles as #1, #2, #3.
3. In #1 I put one tablespoon of water. The temperature of the water was at room temperature.
4. In #2 I put one tablespoon of water. The temperature of the water was hot (130o F).
5. In #3 I put one tablespoon of water. The temperature of the water was very hot (200o F).
6. I placed the three bottles on a tray and put it on the top shelf of the freezer.
7. I noted the time it was 10:54 am. I set the stop-watch to beep every five minutes so I could check the bottle
   

   Results

   The following table shows the time at which the water in the three bottles froze on the top:

   Results

   Bottle #	Amount of Water	Temperature of Water	Time put in freezer	Time ice forms on top	Time taken to freeze
   #1	1 tablespoon	70 F (room temp)	10:54 am	11:45 am	51 minutes
   #2	1 tablespoon	135 F (hot)	10:54 am	12:00 pm	1 hour 14 minutes
   #3	1 tablespoon	200 F (very hot)	10:54 am	12:15 pm	1 hour 29 minutes

   These results can be shown in a graph like below:

   

   Conclusion

   The results of my experiment showed that temperature of water has an effect on the time it takes to freeze. My experiment proved my hypothesis – the higher the temperature of the water, the longer the time it takes for water to freeze – and showed that my hypothesis was correct.

   ---

   Optional

   How did I come up with my project idea?

   I picked it off the list of questions given by the school as the easiest experiment to do. I was not really interested in the effect of water temperature on freezing time. It might have been more interesting to see the effect of temperature on other liquids such as wine and oil.

   What did I learn from my experiment?

   I learned a lot of things. I have listed them below.

   How close were my hypothesis and conclusion?

   My hypothesis and conclusion were the same.

   Did I learn anything new from my project?

   Yes. I learned a lot of things in doing this experiment. They are:

   • I learnt how to be specific with my work
   • I learnt how to make a table
   • I learnt how to make a graph
   • I learnt to take pride in my work
   • I learnt to make a bar graph
   • I learnt to take my time.
   • I learnt how to use a thermometer.
   • I learnt how to read a thermometer.
   • I learnt to revise my work.
   • I learnt how to spell new words.
   • I think the scientific method is hard.

   What was the most interesting part of my project?

   Playing with the water and measuring the temperature.

12th planet Nibiru: Cause Of Planetary Magnetic Reaction On Orbit

Posted on 25. May, 2010 by in Experiments & Research, Human Biology, Space & Astronomy

The following is a theory presented considering the future possibility of the discovery of yet another planet in ‘our’ solar system. 21 years ago, Zecharia Sitchin (linguistic scholar & historian of ancient Hebrew, Sumerian, Akkadian, and other early Mesopotamian civilizations) published The 12Th Planet (1976) which discusses the periodic return to our solar system of a large, red planet called Nibiru by ancient Sumerian historians (and Marduk by the Babylonians). Nibiru was home to a race of war-prone hominids referred to in ancient texts by either their earlier Sumerian name of Anunnaki or their later Hebrew name of Nefilim (the word Nefilim is mentioned repeatedly in the Bible). The Anunnaki are described as handsome, well developed human look-a-likes who are physically larger than humans; averaging 10-15 feet tall. While the rank and file astronauts who first came to Earth were called Anunnaki by Sumerian historians, the ruling royalty were always referred to as gods. The Anunnaki were technologically capable of interplanetary space travel when they first arrived on Earth about 45,000 years ago.  Based on data presented by researcher Zecharia Sitchin, this planet (Nibiru) makes an appearance every 3,600 years and last came about 160 BC according to Sitchin from his research of legend (The Great Flood, Ice Age, Dinosaur Extinction, etc.) and theory. Given that a number of planets and masses in our solar system have recently been discovered within the last forty years, it is feasible that a discovery such as is submitted in this theory is possible and likely probable.  The scenario presented takes into thought that this assumption is correct and of what the geo-magnetic reaction of Nibiru will be provided that the much larger discovered planet’s (Nibiru’s) magnetic field will come into contact with our planet’s (magnetic) field.

What would the reaction of this planet be provided that another planet many times the size of this one comes within an affective number of miles?  By studying historical references and magnetic reactions based on composition, proximity and orbital pattern, the submission here is then, that within that moment of approach and the ‘discovery’ (magnetically) of the planets to each other, that the smaller planet being Earth would stop it’s normal pivotal spin temporarily until the redistribution of the surface material composition would ‘break’ or interfere with this hold while Nibiru continues in orbit.

The surface magnetic field distribution is skewed based on the, I will use this term, collaboration (composition) of its materials with respect to material that blocks the force additionally (lead-based pollution, non-magnetic concentrations, etc.).  At one part of the spin and to include current proximity then, the field of the larger mass during approach, will ‘grab’ that part of the surface locking that which is most cohesive in force jolting the spin to a stop.  The surface distribution will adjust from this and break the hold during which the larger mass moves on.

It is given that the crust is unevenly distributed in terms of magnetic-to-non-magnetic materials (This may be relative to the ‘wobble’ in orbit and Polar magnetic north changing +/- 10 degrees constantly).  Whereas the core is where the majority of the force emanates from as it’s liquidity becomes denser the farther the distance from the core, there are parts of the crust where the force is more likely to reject penetration of the magnetic force because of the presence of non-magnetic and force-repellant material in that portion of the crust.

As an example, there is a greater concentration of magnetic material in land forms (continents), which is highest in terms of surface layering, as any material relative to this force in weight has sunk in water forms (oceans, etc.) and therefore will be farthest and having lesser magnitude to the force having lesser resistance through land masses, originating from the core, with the material throughout the crust laid out in contiguous concentration.  Weather and atmospheric conditions must be taken into account additionally as dust; water and pollution have their own levels of concentration.

Atmospheric and surface phenomenon removes, adds and subsequently ‘stirs’ the amount of magnetic material throughout the upper layers of the earth’s crust.  This material will always be drawn to return to it’s point of attraction creating a perpetual motion in tandem with the magnetic attraction of those objects, planets and asteroids that are within the this planet’s magnetic field.

An addendum here is that the present surface continents have a high-enough concentration in magnetic materials and based on the position of Nibiru at the time of contact to produce the pull away from this planet’s core toward Nibiru creating the land forms we now know.   This would be dependent on the side of this planet that gets caught in orbit jolting the spin to stop.  In contrast to this, the continents on the opposite side of the planet having a high-enough magnetic material concentration will be most sunken because the pull of it’s localized material will be thru this planet’s core (by least resistance and amplification) in it’s attraction to the 12th thus giving credit to previously above-surface-hosted continents assuming residence at the sea floor.

Considering that the core amplifies the force on the side opposite the attracted object, this amplification, therefore, would create the spin effect where all objects within orbit are within the magnetic field, all at different moments and relative to where the amplification is ‘pointed’ at that moment.  Consider ‘surface distribution adjustment.  This is your spin effect.  It is agreed that when there is a wave in the ocean, our planet is turning and the surface adjusts continuously changing the magnetic force distribution.  The tide receding and overlapping the shore by even one foot along a whole continental coastline can do this.  It is the wave happening because of the spin and the spin happening because of the wave!  This is to include other surface phenomena simultaneously.

Provided you had pure coordinates in place for the velocity and revolutions of the approaching planet (it has it’s own magnetic composition), the force composition of the approaching planet, the force composition of this planet and the force composition of the orbital environment to include the position of this planet in orbit at the point of approach, an exact point of reference could be made to where this planet would cease the pivotal spin and at the precise time.  Currently, technology does not exist to calculate this information.

Spot-checking this in review, when there are two attracted magnetic forces with non-magnetic material in between, there will still be some (again dependent upon material composition) attraction only lesser in degree as opposed to the absence of non-magnetic material interfering with any part of this attraction.

With respect to the land form vs. water form amplification (least resistance) issue and while I initially believed that the higher concentration of magnetic force was via continent surface, this may not be true.  The fact is that water is conductive and therefore, there would be the absence of repellant material within the oceans.  The bottom of the water bodies adjust with respect to movements changing amplification.  The possibility for amplification of the magnetic force might be greater thru the bodies of water because of the conductivity of water as opposed to the land masses, however, the outcome would be the same as I said before and this amplification would ‘point’ at that which is within it’s closest path in orbit continuing the spin by surface distribution adjustment.

In this perspective Dr. Pat Nash, (Physics Advisor – University of Texas at San Antonio) had provided following opinion thru a message:

“Your ideas are very interesting, but you haven’t yet discussed some important effects that are more observable.  For instance, if Planet Nibiru passed close enough to affect the Earth magnetically, then its gravitational attraction would be strong enough to pull the Earth out of its orbit.  The Earth could fall into the Sun, or at least be left with such a highly eccentric orbit that at times it would pass so close to the Sun that the outside temp could approach 700k.”

In reply to this message, the following opinion can be concluded :

Citing history with the events of the flood, dinosaur extinction, etc., it is natural to believe that a situation such as these events will happen again…this time until the above becomes true such as Earth leaving the present orbit.  This is submitted to the public with time as a perspective and the theory that the subject for this research was responsible for the past situations just mentioned.  Post-events, Earth continued to exist as we now know it.  The excessive temperature is contained to the area directly facing the sun when the rotation of the Earth temporarily ceases in this pass.  Alternatively, the area furthest from the sun freezes.  The areas in-between allowed life to sustain and thereby proliferate to a new cycle.